The Six Criteria Air Pollutants

These are the common air pollutants regulated by the EPA under the Clean Air Act. They are also known as primary air pollutants because they are emitted directly from sources and have significant impacts on human health and the environment.

Primary air pollutants are those emitted directly from a source, while secondary pollutants form when primary pollutants react in the atmosphere. The EPA's criteria air pollutants include both types, chosen based on their widespread presence and known health impacts.

Check Your Local Air Quality

Ground-level Ozone (O₃)

Created by chemical reactions between NOx and VOCs in sunlight.

Health Effects:

  • Breathing problems
  • Reduced lung function
  • Aggravated asthma
  • Inflammation of airways

Particulate Matter (PM₂.₅ & PM₁₀)

Mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in the air.

Health Effects:

  • Heart attacks
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Decreased lung function
  • Premature death

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Colorless, odorless gas from incomplete combustion.

Health Effects:

  • Reduced oxygen delivery to organs
  • Chest pain
  • Vision problems
  • Reduced brain function

Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂)

Primarily from fossil fuel combustion at power plants.

Health Effects:

  • Breathing difficulties
  • Respiratory illness
  • Aggravated asthma
  • Contributes to particle pollution

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂)

Forms from emissions from cars, power plants, and off-road equipment.

Health Effects:

  • Airway inflammation
  • Respiratory problems
  • Increased asthma attacks
  • Contributes to particle pollution

Lead (Pb)

Emissions from industrial sources and contaminated soil.

Health Effects:

  • Brain and nervous system damage
  • Learning disabilities
  • Kidney problems
  • Cardiovascular issues

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